《THE POLITICAL SYSTEM OF THE EUROPEAN UNION SECOND EDITION》

1.Introduction: Explaining the EU Political System1

The EU: a Political System but not a State2

How the ELI Political System Works5

Actors, Institutions and Outcomes: the Basics of Modern Political Science9

Theories of European Integration and EU Politics14

Allocation of Policy Competences in the EU: a 'Constitutional Settlement'18

Structure of the Book23

2 Executive Politics27

Theories of Executive Power, Delegation and Discretion27

Government by the Council and the Member States31

Treaties and treaty reforms: deliberate and unintended delegation32

The European Council: EU policy leadership and the 'open method of coordination'35

National coordination of E U policy: 'fusion' and 'Europeanization '38

Government' by the Commission40

A cabinet: the EU core executive41

A bureaucracy: the EU civil service46

Regulators: the EU quangos49

Comitology: Interface of the ELI Dual Executive52

The committee procedures53

lnterinstitutional conflict in tbe choice and operation of the procedures53

'Democratic Control of the EU Executive59

Political accountability: selection and censure 'of the Commission59

Explaining the Organization of Executive Power in the EU65

Demand for EU government: selective delegation by tbe member states65

Supply of E U government: Commission preferences, entrepreneursbip and capture67

Conclusion: the Politics of a Dual Executive69

3Legislative Politics72

Theories of Legislative Coalitions and Organization72

Development of the Legislative System of the EU76

Legislative Politics in the Council79

Agenda organization: the presidency, sectoral councils and committees80

Voting and coalition politics in the Council83

Legislative Politics in the European Parliament89

MEP bebaviour: reelection versus promotion and policies89

Agenda organization: leaderships, parties and committees90

Coalition formation96

Legislative Bargaining between the Council and the EP99

Theoretical models of E U bicameralism103

Empirical evidence of EP power106

Conclusion: Complex but Familiar Politics109

4Judicial Politics111

Political Theories of Constitutions and Courts111

The EU Legal System and the European Court of Justice115

Composition and operation of the European Court of Justice117

Jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice119

Constitutionalization of the European Union121

Direct effect: EU law as the law of the land for national citizens121

Supremacy: EU law as the higher law of the land122

Integration through law, and economic constitutionalism123

State-like properties: external sovereignty and internal coercion124

Kompetenz-Kompetenz: judicial review of competence conflicts126

Penetration of EU Law into National Legal Systems128

Quantitative: national courts' use of ECl preliminary rulings128

Qualitative: national courts' acceptance of the EU legal system131

Activism by the European Court of Justice136

Strategic national courts: judicial empowerment and intercourt competition137

Private interests: the other interlocutors of tbe ECl138

Strategic member state governments140

Conclusion: Unknown Destination or Emerging Equilibrium?142

5Public Opinion147

Theories of the Social Bases of Politics147

Public Support for the European Union: End of the Permissive Consensus149

More or Less Integration: Europe Right or Wrong?151

National divisions152

TransnationaI conflicts: class interests157

Other transnational divisions: age, education, gender, religion and elite versus mass161

What the EU Should Do: Europe Right or Left?166

The Electoral Connection: Putting the Two Dimensions Together170

Conclusion: the ELI as a Plural Society173

6 Democracy, Parties and Elections175

Democracy: Choosing Parties, Leaders and Policies175

The 'Democratic Deficit' Debate177

Parties: Competition and Organization180

National parties and Europe181

Parties at the European level186

Elections: EP Elections and EU Referendums192

EP elections: national or European contests?192

Referendums on E U membership and treaty reforms196

Towards a More Democratic EU?202

A more majoritarian and/or powerful parliament202

Election of the Commission: parliamentary or presidential?203

Conclusion: Towards Democratic EU Government?206

7 Interest Representation208

Theories of Interest Group Politics208

Lobbying Europe: Interest Groups and ELI Policy-Making211

Business interests: the large firm as a political actor213

Trade unions, public interests and social movements216

Territorial interests: at the heart of multilevel governance220

Demand for representation: globalization and Europeanization225

Supply of access: policy expertise and legislative bargaining227

Conclusion: a Mix of Representational Styles230

8Regulation of the Single Market235

Theories of Regulation235

Deregulation via Negative Integration: the Single Market and Competition Policies239

The single market239

Competition policies242

New liberalization methods: the open method of coordination and ?be Lamfalussy process245

The impact of deregulatory policies: liberalization and regulatory competition249

Reregulation via Positive Integration: Environmental and Social Policies251

Environmental policy251

Social policy255

The E U reregulatory regime: between harmonization and voluntarism260

Explaining EU Regulatory Policies261

The demand for regulation: intergovernmental bargaining262

The demand for regulation: private interests and Euro- pluralism264

The supply of regulation: policy entrepreneursbip, ideas and decision framing266

Institutional constraints: legislative rules and political structure267

Conclusion: Neoliberalism Meets the Social Market269

9Expenditure Policies271

Theories of Public Expenditure and Redistribution271

The Budget of the European Union275

Revenue and the own-resources system276

Expenditure277

The annual budget procedure: 'the power of tbe purse'278

The Common Agricultural Po[icy281

Objectives and operation of the CAP281

Problems witb the CAP283

Making agricultural policy: can the iron triangle be broken?285

Cohesion Policy289

Operation of the policy289

Impact: a supply-side policy witb uncertain convergence implications292

Making cobesion policy: Commission, governments and regions294

Other internal policies295

Research and development296

Infrastructure298

Social integration and a European civil society298

Explaining EU Expenditure Policies300

Intergovernmental bargaining: national cost-benefit calculations300

Private interests: farmers, regions, scientists and 'Euro-pork '303

Commission entrepreneursbip: promoting multilevel governance304

Institutional rules: unanimity, majority, agenda-setting and the balanced-budget rule305

Conclusion: a Set of Linked Welfare Bargains307

10Economic and Monetary Union9

The Political Economy of Monetary Union309

Development of Economic and Monetary Union in Europe313

The Delors Report313

The Maastricbt Treaty design314

Who qualifies? Fudging the convergence criteria316

Resolving other issues: appeasing the unhappy French government319

ExpLaining Economic and Monetary Union320

Economic rationality: economic integration and a core optimal currency area320

Interstate bargaining: a Franco-German deal323

Agenda-setting by non-state interests: the Commission and central bankers325

The power of ideas: the monetarist policy consensus326

Monetary and Economic Policy in EMU328

Independence of the ECB: establishing credibility and reputation328

ECB decision-making in the setting of interest rates331

European fiscal policies: budget transfers and tax harmonization336

The external impact of EMU341

Conclusion: the Need for Policy Coordination342

11Citizen Freedom and Security Policies344

Theories of Citizenship and the State344

EU Freedom and Security Policies346

From free movement of workers to an area of freedom, security and justice'347

Free movement of persons348

Fundamental rights and freedoms350

Immigration and asylum policies353

Police and judicial cooperation356

Explaining EU Freedom and Security Policies359

Exogenous pressure: growing international migration and crime359

Government interests: from high politics to regulatory failure and voters' demands364

Bureaucrats' strategies: bureau-shaping and the control paradigm367

Supranational entrepreneurship: supplying credibility and accountability369

Conclusion: Skeleton of a Pan-European State372

12Foreign Policies374

Theories of International Relations and Political Economy374

External Economic Policies: Free Trade, Not 'Fortress Europe'378

The pattern of EU trade378

The Common Commercial Policy379

Multilateral trade agreements: GATT and the WTO382

Bilateral preferential trade agreements384

Development policies: aid and trade in 'everything but arms'385

External Political Relations: Towards an EU Foreign Policy387

Development o f foreign policy cooperation and decision-making387

Policy success and failure: haunted by the capability- expectations gap393

Intransigent national security identities and interests398

Domestic economic interests: EU governments and multinational firms400

Institutional rules: decision-making procedures and Commission agenda-setting402

Conclusion: a 'Soft Superpower'?404

13Conclusion: Rethinking the European Union406

What Political Science Teaches Us About the EU406

Operation of government, politics and policy-making in the EU406

Connections between government, politics and policy- making in the EU409

What the EU Teaches Us About Political Science412

Appendix: Decision-Making Procedures in the European Union415

Bibliography422

Index475