《CRIME INVESTIGATION SECOND EDITION》

1 Introduction1

2 The problem of Identity9

3 Equipment for Police Investigation in the Field18

Equipment for Observation and Record19

Equipment for Collection and Preservation of Evidence22

4 The Collection of Physical Evidence33

The Crime Scene35

The Victim43

The Suspect46

Alternative Procedures48

5 Casts and Replicas50

Plaster Casts50

Detail Casts53

Wax Impressions55

Thermoplastic Casting55

Miscellaneous Casts56

6 Fingerprints59

Routine Fingerprinting62

Latent Prints63

Comparison of Prints69

Computerization of Prints72

7 Tracks and Trails74

Shoeprints74

Tire Treads80

Comparison Standards82

Miscellaneous Tracks83

Trails83

8 Photography85

Photography and the Police85

The Camera86

Films94

Illumination96

Color vs Black-and-White Photographs101

Motion Pictures vs Still Photographs102

Developing Negatives and Prints102

Small-Object Photography103

Interpreting Photographs104

General Considerations105

9 Preliminary Examination of Microscopic Evidence107

Sweepings107

Sorting of Microscopic Evidence108

Relation to Large Items of Evidence110

Value of Microscopic Evidence110

10 Clothing and Cloth112

Special Items of Clothing114

Cloth as Evidence117

11 Fibers124

Collection of Fibers125

Fibers in Sweepings126

Types of Textile Fibers126

Uses and Limitations of Fiber Evidence134

Unusual and Nontextile Fibers134

12 Ropes, Cordage, and Packaging Material136

Materials of Construction137

Rope137

Cords and Strings138

Packaging Material140

13 Hair143

Morphology of Hair144

Chemistry of Hair151

Physical Properties of Hair155

Collection of Questioned Hairs157

Preliminary Examination of Hair159

Human Hair vs Other Animal Hair160

The Future of Human Hair as Evidence165

14 Blood: Physical Investigation167

Blood Distribution Patterns173

Investigation of Blood in the Field177

15 Blood: General Testing182

Tests for the Presence of Blood182

Tests for Species Origin of Blood190

Washed Bloodstains193

Age of Bloodstains194

16 Blood: Individual Factors196

Blood Groups197

Lectins203

Blood Protein Factors203

17 Physiological Fluids Other than Blood207

Semen207

Urine211

Perspiration212

Saliva212

Serum212

Stains of Mixed and Miscellaneous Origin213

Typing of Fluids213

18 Cosmetics215

Cosmetics as Evidence215

Types of Cosmetics216

Collection of Cosmetic Evidence219

Examination of Evidence220

19 Crystalline Evidence222

The Nature and Properties of Crystals223

X-Ray Diffraction226

Miscellaneous Techniques227

20 Special Chemical Evidence229

Investigation231

Collection of Evidence232

Preliminary Examination233

Solubility234

Inorganic Substances235

Organic Substances236

Dyes and Pigments237

21 Paint240

The Physical Nature of Paint241

The Chemical Nature of Paint242

Examination of Paints245

Paint Section245

Identification of Paint Vehicle247

Pigment Composition248

Pigment Distribution252

Miscellaneous Techniques253

22 Glass255

Variations in Glass257

Strength of Glass258

Investigation Involving Glass260

Glass Fractures261

Glass Identity from Physical Properties267

Chemical and Spectrographic Analysis270

23 Soil273

Soil Formation274

Variability of Soil275

Collection of Soil Samples277

Density Distribution of Soil277

Chemical and Spectrographic Analysis279

24 Metals282

Broken Metal Objects282

Metallographic Examination285

Restoring Serial Numbers286

Metal Failure290

Quantitative Analysis291

Spectrographic Analysis292

Electrophoretic Analysis293

Physical Properties293

Chemical Properties294

Metals in Fires296

25 Plastics and Related Materials298

The Nature of Plastics298

Plastics as Physical Evidence299

Examination of Plastics300

Miscellaneous Similar Materials301

Types of Plastics Commonly Found as Evidence302

26 Vegetable Materials310

Types of Botanical Evidence311

27 Poisons322

Types of Poisons323

Investigation of Suspected Poisonings329

Isolation and Identification of Poisons332

28 Drugs336

Natural Materials338

Synthetic Materials342

29 Alcohol345

Physiological Aspects of Alcohol Ingestion347

Calculation of Alcohol Levels350

Investigation351

30 Tool Marks360

Types of Tool Marks360

Investigation of Tool Marks370

Comparison of Tool Marks371

Investigation of Safe Burglaries376

31 Firearms379

Types of Firearms381

Fundamentals of Firearms Examination392

32 Vehicular Accidents410

Causes of Vehicular Accidents411

Types of Vehicular Accidents413

Investigation416

33 Vehicular Impact Evidence424

Records424

Point of Impact427

Energy Dissipation in Accidents430

Speed Calculations432

Friction Coefficient (Drag Factor)432

Brakes and Deceleration434

Tire Marks434

Accidents of Special Types439

34 Physical Evidence from Fires443

The Nature of the Action of Fire444

Investigation of Fires451

35 Physical Evidence from Explosions458

Diffuse Explosions458

Concentrated Explosions461

Investigation of Explosions463

Investigation of Explosive Devices466

36 Documents470

Types of Examination470

Preliminary Examination472

Exemplars473

Copies and Photographs477

Limitations of the Investigator477

Physical and Chemical Examination477

Handwriting Identification491

Index503