《SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE USA》求取 ⇩
作者 | ALBERT H TEICH AND JILL HPACE 编者 |
---|---|
出版 | 未查询到或未知 |
参考页数 | 407 ✅ 真实服务 非骗流量 ❤️ |
出版时间 | 没有确切时间的资料 目录预览 |
ISBN号 | 0582900611 — 违规投诉 / 求助条款 |
PDF编号 | 811868048(学习资料 勿作它用) |
求助格式 | 扫描PDF(若分多册发行,每次仅能受理1册) |
1 Demographic, economic and political overview1
Demography1
Economy3
Government and politics7
Federal government8
State and local government14
Political parties and elections15
2 Organization, development and finance of US science and technology17
Science and technology in US society17
Development of US science and technology18
From colonial days to World War II18
From World War II to the present20
Support and performance of rd in the US22
Industry24
Government25
Universities and colleges26
Nonprofit institutions and state and local governments26
Trends in funding27
Scientific and engineering personnel29
3 Policymaking for science and technology35
Overview35
The role of the Executive Branch36
Office of Management and Budget37
Office of Science and Technology Policy38
Agencies of the Executive Branch38
The role of Congress39
Forms of Congressional influence39
Congressional organization for science and technology40
The role of non government institutions in science and technology policy42
Science and technology policy in the 1980s: recent trends and issues45
Shifting political winds45
The federal budget situation46
Growing interest in high technology46
Technology transfer and information control47
4 Government science and technology49
Overview49
Department of Defense52
Background52
Purpose and organization53
Major rd elements55
DOD basic research58
National Aeronautics and Space Administration58
Space science and applications59
Space station60
Space transportation60
Aeronautical research and technology60
Space tracking and data systems61
Field installations61
Department of Energy63
Background63
Overall organization63
Field structure64
Headquarters organization64
Multiprogramme national laboratories66
Other DOE rd facilities69
Department of Health and Human Services70
Introduction70
National Institutes of Health (NIH)70
Issues affecting NIH76
Other parts of the Public Health Service77
Other units of the Department of Health and Human Services79
National Science Foundation80
Overview80
Organization81
Mathematical and Physical Sciences (MPS)83
Engineering85
Biological, Behavioural and Social Sciences (BBS)86
Astronomical, Atmospheric, Earth and Ocean Sciences (AAEO)86
Other programmes86
Department of Agriculture86
Agricultural Research Service (ARS)87
Cooperative State Research Service (CSRS)88
Forest Service89
Other programmes89
Department of the Interior90
US Geological Survey90
Fish and Wildlife Service92
Bureau of Mines92
Bureau of Reclamation93
Other programmes93
Department of Transportation94
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)94
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)95
Urban Mass Transportation Administration (UMTA)95
Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)95
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)96
Other programmes96
Environmental Protection Agency96
Organizational overview96
Acid rain research99
Toxic substances100
Pesticides100
Hazardous wastes100
Air research100
Water quality and drinking water101
Interdisciplinary/intermedia programme101
Department of Commerce101
Economic, statistical and related bureaux102
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)103
National Bureau of Standards (NBS)104
Department of Education106
National Institute of Education (NIE)106
National Institute of Handicapped Research (NIHR)107
Other programmes108
Science and technology in other agencyes108
Agency for international Development (AID)108
Smithsonian Institution109
US Army Corps of Engineers109
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)110
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)110
Nuclear Regulatory Commission(NRC)110
Department of Labor111
Department of Justice111
Department of Housing and Urban Development111
Department of the Treasury111
Veterans Administration112
5 Higher education and academic science113
Research and higher education113
Types of institutions113
Research and the federal government114
Organizational structures and research114
RD at universities and colleges: facts and figures116
Total expenditure116
Sources of funding116
Character of work and support mechanisms120
Fields of research122
Instrumentation and facilities122
Undergraduate and graduate education124
Undergraduate and education124
Graduate education in science and engineering125
Foreign students126
Women and disadvantaged minorities127
Student financial assistance130
College and university faculty members131
The role of organized research units134
Relations between the federal government and colleges and universities135
Issues136
Institutional versus project support136
Peer review137
Accountability139
Funding instruments139
Facilitating organizations140
University-industry relations141
6 Industrial research and development145
Overview: the role of Industry in rd145
Company funded and federally funded rd145
Statistical profile of Industrial rd146
Basic research in Industry151
Statistical overview151
The role of key firms152
Influences on Industrial rd154
Relationship of Industry and government rd155
Industrial cooperation156
RD in large and small firms156
RD as an Industry158
International issues for US Industry158
Conclusion160
7 Research and development in nonprofit institutions163
The nonprofit sector163
Nonprofit research institutes165
FFRDCs167
Foundations168
Other institutions172
Voluntary hospitals172
Scientific/technical societies and academies of science173
Nonprofit scientific exhibitors173
Others173
8 Agricultural science and technology175
Nature of agricultural rd in the US175
The federal role177
USDA177
Other federal agencies180
8 Agricultural rd in the private sector180
Fertilizers and pesticides181
Food processing183
Issues184
Quality of research and scientific manpower184
Biotechnology185
Agricultural research and the world food problem186
9 Biomedical research and development189
Introduction189
History189
Biomedical rd defined189
Analysis of US investment in health rd190
Sources of funds190
Conduct of research191
Federal government role191
National Institutes of Health192
Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration198
Food and Drug Administration199
Centers for Disease Control200
Biomedical research in other federal agencyes200
Medical schools and hospitals204
International biomedical research and development205
Industry involvement in biomedical rd206
Industry and biotechnology206
10 Energy science and technology209
Background209
Organization of federal energy rd212
Current programmes of the Department of Energy213
Solar and other renewables213
Nuclear energy217
Magnetic fusion217
Fossil energy rd218
Energy conservation218
Other rd areas218
National laboratories219
Energy rd in other federal agencies220
The synthetic Fuels Corporation220
Energy rd in Industry221
Issues and outlook222
11 Environmental science and technology225
Introduction225
The role of the federal government226
The role of the Environmental Protection Agency227
Other agencies231
The expanding role of the private sector236
Trends and issues239
12 Aerospace science and technology243
Space research from sputnik to the shuttle243
Space research in NASA245
Manned space exploration245
Planetary/space science245
Space applications249
Industry-university ties251
National space policy and plans for the future252
Trends253
Aeronautical research254
Role of NACA/NASA255
Recent policy decisions258
13 Defence science and technology261
Overview: defence rd in perspective261
The US military establishment261
The importance of rd to defence policy262
Historical development of defence rd263
Difficulties and limitations of analyzing defence rd263
Major features of defence rd programmes264
Statistical overview264
Examples of defence rd programmes266
The strategic Defence Initiative: a special note270
The defence rd establishment271
DOD in-house laboratories271
The defence Industry275
DOD and the universities276
DOD contract research centers277
Issues and questions278
Increasing costs278
RD and defence policy278
Defence rd and the science community279
Arms control and rd279
14 Basic research in the physical sciences, mathematics, and engineering281
Overview281
Physics283
Astronomy286
Chemistry289
Materials science291
Oceanographic and atmospheric sciences292
Mathematics and computer research294
Engineering research297
15 The social and behavioural sciences301
Relative newcomers301
Government support disputed303
The federal role303
Federal funding for social and behavioural science research 1980-82303
Major agencies305
Universities309
Social and behavioural science organizations312
Trends and issues312
16 Associations, societies and academies in science, engineering and higher education317
Historical development of professional societies in the United States317
The National Academies and associated organizations318
Overview318
National Academy of Sciences319
National Academy of Engineering319
Institute of Medicine320
National Research Council320
Joint activities of the Academies321
General scientific and engineering associations321
American Association for the Advancement of Science321
American Association of Engineering Societies323
Social Science Research Council324
State academies of science324
Disciplinary societies325
American Chemical Society326
American Psychological Association326
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers326
National Society of Professional Engineers327
Higher education organizations327
Association of American Universities328
National Association of State Universities and Land Grant Colleges328
American Association of State Colleges and Universities328
Association of American Medical Colleges329
Other organizations329
Recent developments330
17 International cooperation in science and technology333
Overview333
International agreements and organizations334
Multilateral agreements335
Bilateral agreements335
International organizations337
Institutional structure of US involvement338
Governmental organizations338
Non-governmental organizations340
International fellowship and training programmes340
NSF programmes341
Other programmes341
Specialized science and technology programmes342
Agriculture342
Space activities343
Energy344
Telecommunications344
Other areas346
Controls on the export of technical data and commodities346
Statutory authorities347
Case study: export controls on biotechnology348
Trends in international cooperation in science and technology349
18 Scientific and technical information351
Overview351
Scientific and technical publications352
Databases354
Issues356
Appendix 1: Sources of information on US science and technology359
Appendix 2: Federal research establishments365
Index of establishments383
Subject Index396
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