《HOLDING GOVERNMENT BUREAUCRACIES ACCOUNTABLE》

PART ONE: THE SUBSTANCE OF ACCOUNTABILITY1

Chapter 1. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATORS: ACCOUNTABLE FOR WHAT?3

Make Laws Work as Intended4

Exercise Lawful and Sensible Discretion7

Initiate Changes in Policies and Programs9

Enhance Citizen Confidence in the Administrative Institutions of Government13

Notes15

Chapter 2. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATORS: ACCOUNTABLE TO WHOM?16

The Public Administrator and the Elected Chief Executive17

The Public Administrator and the Legislature21

The Public Administrator and the Citizen23

The Public Administrator and the News Media26

An Overall View27

Notes27

PART TWO: THE PROCESSES OF ACCOUNTABILITY29

Chapter 3. ACCOUNTABILITY PROCESSES WITHIN THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH31

Supervisory Direction and Review32

The Budget Process33

Internal Audit36

External Audit42

Special Problems in Accountability44

Notes48

Chapter 4. ACCOUNTABILITY MECHANISMS AND METHODS USED BY THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH49

Sources of Information50

Casework51

The Appropriations Process51

Special Oversight Roles of the House Committee on Government Operations and the Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs58

Advice and Consent59

Legislative Veto62

Legislative Audit Agencies64

Nonstatutory Informal Oversight66

Other Considerations68

Notes70

Chapter 5. CITIZEN PARTICIPATION IN THE ACCOUNTABILITY PROCESS72

Public Hearings73

Polls74

Advisory Committees75

"Maximum Feasible Participation"76

The Ombudsman77

Investigative Reporting78

Political Parties80

Special Interest Groups83

"Better-Government" Interest Groups86

Summing Up92

Notes93

Chapter 6. JUDICIAL REVIEW OF ADMINISTRATION ACTIONS94

A Hierarchy of Courts94

Power of Judicial Review95

Activist Courts98

The Administrative Procedure Act100

Cases Exceed Capacity102

Accountability to the Justice Department103

Personal Liability106

The Changing Nature of Judicial Review108

The Value of Judicial Review110

Notes110

Chapter 7. OTHER INSTRUMENTS FOR ACCOUNTABILITY112

Freedom of Information Act112

Right-to-Privacy Laws115

Sunshine Laws117

Sunset Laws118

Civil Service Reform Act120

Whistle Blowing125

The Inspector General Act129

Codes of Ethics132

Notes135

PART THREE: THE FUTURE137

Chapter 8. PROPOSALS FOR IMPROVING ACCOUNTABILITY139

Valid and Comprehensive Performance Measurement139

Prompt Audit Resolution141

Clear Legislative Oversight Requirements144

Legislative Veto of All Agency Rules146

Rigorous Senate Confirmation148

Training in Ethics and Individual Responsibility152

In the Public Interest156

Notes157

Chapter 9. IN RETROSPECT159

Notes164

APPENDIX. EXAMPLES OF OPPORTUNITIES AND PROBLEMS IN HOLDING GOVERNMENT BUREAUCRACIES ACCOUNTABLE165

INDEX175

ABOUT THE AUTHOR181