《FADLALLAH THE MAKING OF A RADICAL SHI'ITE LEADER》

Introduction9

1. The Formation of Modern Iraq, 1914-193219

A Geographical and Historical Outline19

From Ottoman to British Domination21

The Sykes-Picot Agreement, the British Mandate and Iraqi Response24

The Rise of Proto-nationalist and Islamic Opposition to British Occupation25

Hashemite Monarchy, British Policy and 'Ulama Response27

The 1920 Uprising28

The Anglo-Iraqi Treaty and Popular Reaction31

The Opposition of the 'Ulama to the 1922 Treaty and Elections32

'Ulama Decline and Nationalist Ascendancy33

British Land Tenure Policies and Their Consequences34

2. Fadlallah's Social Origins and Early Political Formation, 1935-195737

Najaf: its Character and Function38

Najaf Between Continuity and Change41

Sayyid Fadlallah's Upbringing and Early Intellectual Life44

Evolving Political Consciousness and Experience50

3. Shi'i Islamism in Revolutionary Iraq: Genesis and Development, 1958-196655

The July 1958 Revolution: Causes, Catalysts and Consequences55

General Qasem, the Defeat of the Arab Nationalists and the Ascent of the Iraqi Communists59

Hizb al- Da'wa: Shi'i and Sunni Antecedents65

The Formation and Character of Hizb al-Da'wa al-Islamiyya73

Islamism and the Struggle Between Communism and Nationalism87

The Isiamist Writings of Sayyid Fadlallah100

The Conservative Backlash Against al-Adwa' and Hizb al-Da'wa108

The Fall of General Qasem, the Ba'thist Coup, and the First Aref Regime110

Fadlallah and the Confluence of Sunni and Shi'i Islamist Movements114

The Emerge,Icc of New Islamist Groups116

The Impact of Ayatollah Khomeini in Najaf118

4. Lebanon, 1966-1976: from Consolidation to Dislocation123

The Shi'i Community Between Continuity and Change123

The Advent of Sayyid Musa al-Sadr125

The Evolution of Bourj Hammoud/Nab'a128

Fadlallah in Nab'a and Beyond131

Fadlallah's Public Discourse in the 1960s and 1970s137

The Higher Islamic Shi'i Council: Background and Fallout143

AI-Sadr, Fadlallah and the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict148

Harakat al-Mahrumin: Background and Formation151

The Lebanese Civil War, al-Sadr and the Emergence of Amal152

From Defiance to Disaster: Fadlallah and the Exodus from Nab'a154

The Fall of Nab'a and its Consequences158

5. The Rise of Sayyid Fadlallah and the Antecedents of Lebanon's Shi'i Islamism, 1977-1982163

Fadlallah in Southern Beirut164

The 1978 Israeli Invasion and its Aftermath167

Sayyid al-Sadr's Disappearance and its Repercussions169

Fadlallah, Hizb al-Da'wa and Amal170

The Iranian Revolution and its Impact on Lebanon's Shi'a173

Revolutionary Iran and Fadlallah's Islamism176

Ba'thist Iraq's Repression of Shi'i Islamists and the Demise of Sayyid Baqer al-Sadr182

The Repercussions on Lebanon's Shi'a of al-Sadr's Execution and the Iran-Iraq War184

6.The Ascent of Sayyid Fadlallah and the Quest for an Islamic Order in Civil War Lebanon, 1982-1988189

The Israeli Invasion and its Consequences191

Fadlallah and the Evolution of the Islamic Resistance Movement193

The Splintering of the Amal Movement and the Formation of Hizbullah196

Fadlallah and the Formation of Hizbullah: Ambivalence and Symbiosis200

Fadlallah and the 17 May Agreement202

Fadlallah and the Suicide Bombings of MNF Facilities205

The Attempted Assassination of Fadlallah and its Repercussions209

Israel and the Islamist Resistance in the South210

Areal-PLO Conflict215

Internal Shi'i Conflict and the Western Hostages217

FadlaUah and the Debate over an Islamic State in Lebanon221

The End of the Iran-Iraq War228

7. Islamist Pragmatism and Accommodation in Post-Civil War233

Lebanon235

The Ta'ifAccords and Islamist Reaction Dawlat al-Insan: Fadlallah's Alternative Vision for Post-war Lebanon238

The 1992 Parliamentary Elections and the'Lebanonisation' of the Islamist Movement241

The 1991 Madrid Conference, the Peace Process, and the Islamist Response247

Fadlallah, Hizbullah and the Gaza-Jericho Agreement251

Fadlallah, the Peace Process and the Lebanonisauon of the Islamic Resistance253

Ascent to the Marja'iyya256

8. Fadlallah's Legacy: Lebanon, Iraq and Beyond261

Conclusion285

Appendix: The Twelver Shi'i 'Ulama: Context and Consequences291

Scholarly Views of the Character and Authority of the Shi'i 'Ulama292

The Genesis and Evolution ofTwelver Shi'ism294

The Martyrdom of Imam Hussein and its Consequences296

The Occultation of the Twelfth Imam298

The Institutionalization of the Shi'i 'Ulama under the Safavids300

'Ulama-state Relations under the Qajar Dynasty303

Notes307

Bibliography363

Index385