《CANADIAN INDUSTRY IN TRANSITION》

1. The Economics of Industrial Structure: An Overview1

The Evolution of Canadian Industrial Structure: Alternative Measures2

Changes in Trade Patterns8

Is Canada De-Industrializing?17

Changes in Firm and Market Organization21

Changes in Production Methods36

Productivity47

Conclusion: Evolution and Adaptability52

Notes54

Bibliography55

2. The Evolution of the Canadian Industrial Structure: An International Perspective61

Introduction61

Structural Change at the Sectoral Level66

Structural Change at the Industry Level79

De-industrialization113

Summary of Findings123

APPENDIX A: Structural Change Measures125

APPENDIX B: Trend Changes and Cyclical Influences126

Notes131

Bibliography132

3. The Extent and Evolution of Competition in the Canadian Economy135

Introduction135

Levels and Trends in Aggregate and Industrial Concentration136

Factors and Influencing Concentration156

Recent Developments in Selected Competition-Related Policies159

Conclusions166

Appendix: A Discussion of Table 3-1167

Notes171

Bibliography174

4. Rationalization and Specialization in Canadian Manufacturing177

Introduction177

Alternative Explanations for the Low Level of Manufactured Exports179

Economies of Scale and Costs180

Evidence on Production Costs183

Other Constraints on Exports192

Ownership, Productivity and the Adjustment Process194

Reasons for Past Diversification and Evidence on Specialization196

Characteristics of Low-Productivity Industries and Successful Companies200

Implications for the Benefits and Costs of Tariff Reduction201

Notes205

Bibliography207

5. Canada-U.S. Productivity Differences in the Manufacturing Sector: 1970-1979211

Introduction211

The Extent of Plant Scale Inefficiency214

Plant Level Diversity and Length of the Production Run217

Canada-U.S. Relative Productivity Measures223

Returns to Scale in the Canadian Manufacturing Sector231

Alternative Values of Canada-U.S. Relative Productivity235

Determinants of Relative Total Factor Productivity, Plant Scale and Industry Plant Specialization238

Conclusion251

List of Variables253

Notes256

Bibliography258

6. Mixed Enterprises in Canada261

Introduction261

Identifying Mixed Enterprises in Canada263

Methods of Creating Mixed Enterprises272

Main Findings274

Impact on Private Shareholders288

Government Objectives in Acquiring Equity Interests292

Conclusions296

Notes298

7. Specialization and Foreign Investment in Canada305

Specialization and Foreign Investment305

The Research Data Base321

Structural Arrangement and Financial Controls331

The Impact of Specialization on RD and Exports339

A Parent's Perspective on Specialization351

Specialization and Public Policy365

Summary and Conclusion374

Appendix: Summary of Qualitative Responses to the Questionnaire387

Notes385

ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS387