《THE CHALLENGE：ADJUST OR PROTECT?》

CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY DIRECTIONS9

Conclusions9

Policy Directions16

Trade and Protection in Perspective17

Accountability, Transparency and Objectivity19

Limiting Protectionism: Viability and Adjustment22

International Trade Policy Initiatives26

1. INTRODUCTION33

2. BACKDROP: NORTH-SOUTH TRADE AND PROTECTION ISSUES35

Third World Perspectives35

Trade and Development: Policies and Performance35

Trade Gains: Who Benefits?38

International Perspectives43

Third World Demands43

Northern Responses45

Recent History: North-South Stalemate47

Into the Eighties: Trade and Protection Issues51

"New Protectionism": Trade and Industrial Policies51

GATT Relevance and Reform55

3. THE "NEW PROTECTIONISM" IN CANADA71

Defining Protection: Trade and Industrial Policies72

Recent Protectionist Trends in Canada77

Canadian Protectionism: What's New?78

Canadian Protectionism Under the Multi-Fiber Agreement82

Government Aids to Industry90

Other Trends in Canadian Trade and Industrial Policy94

Summary: Main Trends in Trade and Industrial Policy in Canada98

4. THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF RECENT CANADIAN PROTECTIONISM111

Social Welfare and "National Interests"111

Economic Interests and Political Processes116

The Economics and Politics of Trade Policy-Making in Canada: A Framework116

Outline of Special Import Policy Interests and Processes121

Countervailing Interests122

Protectionist Interests129

Summary: Economic Interests and Political Processes134

Domestic and External Conditioning Factors137

The Special Case: "Low Cost" Imports140

APPENDIX159