《TRIALS OF MODERNITY SECOND EDITION》

Ⅰ.Early Modern Europe： The Reformation and the Emergence of Science1

from An Open Letter to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation Concerning the Reform of the Christian Estate（1520）Martin Luther4

from Colloquia （1529）Desiderius Erasmus10

from Novum Organum （1620）Francis Bacon15

from The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy （1687）Isaac Newton18

from Leviathan （1651）Thomas Hobbes20

Ⅱ. Europeans and Others： Travel， Colonialism， and Philosophy31

from Essays （1572）Michel de Montaigne34

from Letters （1763）Mary Wortley Montagu41

from The Spirit of Laws （1748）Charles de Secondat， Baron de Montesquieu50

from Discourse upon the Origin and Foundations of Inequality Among Mankind （1755）Jean-Jacques Rousseau57

Ⅲ. The Enlightenment and the French Revolution69

What Is Enlightenment？ （1784）Immanuel Kant73

from Nathan the Wise （1779）Gotthold Lessing78

from An Essay on Human Understanding （1690）；from Of Civil Government （1690）John Locke82

from An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations （1776）Adam Smith98

from What Is the Third Estate？ （1789）Emmanuel Sieyes102

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen （1789）106

Declaration of the Rights of Woman （1791）Olympe de Gouges108

from Reflections on the French Revolution （1790）Edmund Burke112

from Vindication of the Rights of Woman （1792）Mary Wollstonecraft116

Ⅳ. Romanticism and Industrial Transformation125

Selected Poems： The Lamb （1789）； The Tyger （1794）； London （1794）； Mock on， mock on， Voltaire， Rousseau （ca. 1800）William Blake128

Selected Poems： The Tables Turned （1798）； Lines （Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey on Revisiting the Banks of the Wye During a Tour， July 13， 1798131

from Preface to Lyrical Ballads （1800）William Wordsworth136

from The Women of England： Their Social Duties and Domestic Habits （1838）Sarah Stickney Ellis142

from Culture and Anarchy （1869）Matthew Arnold146

from The Philosophy of Manufactures （1835）Andrew Ure150

from The Condition of the Working Class in England （1844）Friedrich Engels153

from Hard Times （1854）Charles Dickens157

Ⅴ. Materialism， Evolution， Nationalism， Imperialism187

Preface to Toward a Critique of Political Economy （1859）Karl Marx191

from Origin of Species （1859）195

from The Descent of Man （1871）Charles Darwin200

from Mr. Gladstone and Our Empire （1877）Edward Dicey202

from Two Trips to Gorilla Land （1876）Richard Burton204

from The Desert and the Sown （1907）Gertrude Bell206

Ⅵ. The Birth of the Modern and the First World War209

Dover Beach （1867）Matthew Arnold213

from The Gay Science （1882）Friedrich Nietzsche215

After the Race， from Dubliners （1904）James Joyce217

The Foundation and Manifesto of Futurism （1909）Filippo Tommaso Marinetti221

Dulce et Decorum Est （1920）Wilfred Owen225

The Second Coming （1920）William Butler Yeats226

Women and Wages （1912）227

The Sin of Self-Sacrifice （1913）Rebecca West230

The Buddhist Priest’s Wife （1923）Olive Schreiner233

from A Room of One’s Own （1929）Virginia Woolf241

Ⅶ. The Third Reich， the Second World War， and the Holocaust249

from Speech Dedicating the House of German Art （1937）Adolf Hitler252

The Ordeal （1993）Leon Ginsburg258

from Existentialism Is a Humanism （1946）Jean-Paul Sartre266

from Writing the Truth： Five Difficulties （1935）Bertolt Brecht270

Ⅷ. Since 1945277

om The Second Sex （1949）Simone de Beauvoir280

A Speech （1964）285

Twenty-five Years （1966）Christa Wolf287

from Culture Is Ordinary （1958）Raymond Williams289

from Decolonising the Mind： The Politics of Language in African Literature （1985）Ngugi wa Thiong’o291

from Postscript to The Name of the Rose （1983）Umberto Eco295