《GLYCEROL》

1．HISTORY AND ECONOMICS,＆by N．N．Dallon and Joyce C．Kern1

Glycerol in World Economy3

World Production4

Great Britain5

Europe6

Argentina7

Cuba7

United States7

World Consumption10

World Glycerol Prices11

2 NATURAL SOURCE AND OCCURRENCE,＆by Truman M．Godfrey12

Glyeerides and Related Compounds12

Structure of the Fatty Acids14

Composition of the Natural Fats and Oils14

Glycerol and Fats in Plant and Animal Metabolism15

Commercial Fats and Oils and Their Glycerol Contents17

Vegetable Fats21

Animal Fats25

Soap Fats and Fatty Acids30

3．METHODS OF PRODUCTION,＆by Truman M．Godfrey33

Refining Crudc Oils and Fats34

Kettle Refining34

Continuous Centrifugal Refining35

Liquid-Liquid Extraction38

The Saponification of Fats for Soap and Glycerol41

＂Full-Boiled＂ Kettle Soap42

Yield of Glycerol in Soap Boiling45

Centrifugal System for Soap-Making48

Hydrolysis of Fats to Fatty Acids and Glycerol53

The Twitchell Process56

Batch Autoclaving59

Continuous High-Pressure Hydrolysis61

Glycerol from the Manufacture of Higher Alcohols71

Glycerol by Interesterification74

Glycerol by Fermentation76

Glycerol by Hydrogenolysis79

Glycerol from Propylene80

4．RECOVERY AND REFINING,＆by Truman M．Godfrey87

Treatment of Glycerol Liquors90

Spent Lye Treatment91

Twitehell Sweetwater Treatment97

Autoclave Sweetwaters100

Concentration of Glycerol Liquors101

Evaporation Operation105

Salt Handling107

Glycerol Losses112

Vapor Compression for Evaporation of Lyes113

Refining Glycerol114

Distillation116

Distillation Equipment119

Van Ruymbeke System119

The Garrigue System122

The Ittner Still125

Continuous Operation127

Fractionating Columns132

Operating Procedure135

Bleaching of Glycerine140

The Use of Ion-Exchange in Glycerine Purification142

Lcsses and Yields151

5．STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS,＆by J．B．Segur155

United States Pharmacopeia156

British Pharmacopeia160

Federal Specifications for Glycerine161

American Chemical Society Specifications for Reagent Grade Glycerol162

British Standard Specifications for Soap Lye and Saponifi-cation Crude Glycerines164

Typical British Specifications for Refined Glycerines165

6．ANALYSIS,＆by J．B．Segur167

Purification of the Samples167

Qualitative Tests171

Quantitative Analysis175

American Oil Chemists＇Society Methods176

Sampling176

Ash,Alkalinity and Sodium Chloride178

Total and Organic Residue at 160℃182

Acetin Method184

Dichromate Method187

Sodium Periodate Oxidation Method189

Apparent Specific Gravity at 25/25℃193

Moisture194

Glycerol in Soap196

Physical Methods199

Spaeth-Hutchison Method for Water200

Chemical Methods201

Acetylation201

Dichromate Oxidation204

Periodate Oxidation206

Permanganate Oxidation215

Cerate Oxidation216

Zeisel and Fanto Method216

Bertram-Rutgers(Copper)Method217

Glycerol in Foods,Beverages,Tobacco218

Determination of Trimethylene Glycol in Glycerol219

International Standard Methods,Analysis of Crude Glycerine222

Measurement of Color230

Odor of Glycerine234

7．PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GLYCEROL AND ITS SOLUTIONS,＆by J．B．Segur238

Specific Gravity and Density238

Thermal Expansion243

Contraction by Solution245

Specific Volume of Glycerol Solutions248

Azeotropic,Binary and Ternary Mixtures254

Vapor Pressure260

Hygroscopicity271

Freezing Points of Solutions272

Cryoscopic Constant275

Cubical Expansion276

Crystalline Glycerol276

Vitreous Glycerol277

Viscosity278

Specific Heat287

Flash and Fire Points,Auto Ignition Temperature290

Heat of Fusion and Vaporization291

Entropy295

Solubility and Solvent Power295

Thermal Conductivity312

Heat of Solution312

Heats of Formation and Combustion315

Magnetic Susceptibility316

Dissociation Constant316

Dielectric Constant316

Conductivity318

Miscellaneous Ionic Effects318

Compressibility319

Adiabatic Expansion320

Refractive Index321

Absorption of Infrared Radiation324

Raman Effect325

Surface Tension and Surface Erergy325

Diffusion327

Sound Transmission329

Taste330

8．CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND DERIVATIVES OF GLYCEROL,＆by J．B．Segur335

Characteristics335

Nomenclature335

Oxidation337

Reduction341

Esters of Organic Acids342

Preparation of Glycerides of Known Structure348

Preparation of Glycerides by Ester Interehange349

Esters of Inorganic Acids351

Ethers366

Polyglycerols366

Epoxy Compounds369

Mixed Ethers of Glycerol371

Sulfur Compounds374

Glycerol Amines375

Glycerol Acetals376

Dehydration and Pyrolysis of Glycerol379

Compounds with Bases and Salts382

Miscellaneous386

9．BIOCHEMICAL USE OF GLYCEROL,＆by C．H．Werkman397

Introduction397

Glycerol as a Nutrient for Microorganisms397

Biochemical Products398

Baetericidal and Bacteriostatic Activity400

10．THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION OF GLYCEROL,＆by Marlin E．Hanke402

Glycerol as a Food403

Ingested Glycerol and Growth403

Glycerol and Reproduction406

Gastrointestinal Absorption of Glycerol406

The Excretion of Glycerol407

The Metabolic Equivalence of Glycerol and Carbohy-drates408

Glycerol and Protein Metabolism410

Harmful Effects of Unphysiological Amounts of Glycerol410

The Lethal Dose of Glycerol411

Signs and Symptoms of Glycerol Poisoning413

Local Inflammation,Hemorrhage and Edema Caused by Parenterally Administered Glycerol413

Anemia,Hemoglobinuria and Albuminurea Caused by Parenteral Glycerol414

Hemolytic Action of Glycerol414

Effects of Glycerol on Blood Pressure415

Narcotic Effects of Glycerol415

Other Physiological Effects of Glycerol416

Diuresis Caused by Glycerol416

Uric Acid Excretion Increased by Glycerol Ingestion416

Glycerol Ingestion416

Body Temperature and Glycerol Administration417

Effect of Glycerol on Muscles418

Germicidal Action of Glycerol418

Topical Application of Glycerol in Surgical Dressings419

The Sweetness of Glycerol419

Summary419

11．USES OF GLYCERINE,＆by J．B．Segur423

Foods and Beverages423

Medicine425

Cosmetics427

Emulsifiers428

Resins431

Ester Gums431

Alkyd Resins432

Cellophane and Paper436

Explosives437

Tobacco439

Textiles440

Glue and Gelatin440

Cork Composition442

Photography442

Leather442

Antifreeze443

Lubricants443

Rubber443

Adhesives and Cements443

Agriculture444

Glass444

Cleaning Agents445

Electrical Equipment445

Metals445

Miscellaneous446

Summary of Glycerine Uses in the United States447

SUBJECT INDEX451