《ORGANIC ELECTRODE PROCESSES》

Ⅰ．GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS1

Ⅱ．INSTRUMENTATION AND TECHNIQUES OF ELECTROLYSIS20

Ⅲ．CATHODIC REDUCTION47

(1)MECHANISM OF CATHODIC REDUCTION47

(2)REDUCTION OF NITRO COMPOUNDS49

(3)REDUCTION OF IMINES AND IMIDIC ESTERS55

Ⅳ．CATHODIC REDUCTION OF CARBONYL TYPE COMPOUNDS58

(1)REDUCTION OF ALDEHYDES AND KETONES58

(2)REDUCTION OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS68

(3)REDUCTION OF ESTERS72

(4)REDUCTION oF AMIDES AND IMIDES73

Ⅴ．MISCELLANEOUS CATHODIC REACTIONS84

(1)ADDITION OF HYDROGEN TO UNSATURATED COMPOUNDS84

(2)REDUCTION OF ALKALOIDS87

(3)REDUCTION OF SULPHUR,SULPHONYL CHLORIDE,AND ARSENIC-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS88

(4)DEHALOGENATION91

(5)DESULPHONATION92

Ⅵ．ANODIC OXIDATION95

(1)MECHANISM OF ANODIC OXIDATION95

(2)OXIDATION OF FATTY ACIDS AND THEIR SALTS96

(a)Mechanism of the Kolbe Reaction97

(b)Monocarboxylic Acids102

(c)Mixtures of Carboxylic Acids104

(d)Branched-chain Acids and Half-Esters105

(e)Unsaturated Acids106

(f)Aromatic Acids107

(g)Substituted Acids107

(h)Dicarboxylic Acids109

(i)Acetoxylation,Alkoxylation,and Alkylation111

Ⅶ．ANODIC OXIDATION OF ALIPHATIC,HETEROCYCLIC AND AROMATIC COMPOUNDS116

(1)OXIDATION OF ALIPHATIC COMPOUNDS116

(a)Alcohols116

(b)Aldehydes118

(c)Ketones119

(d)Sugars119

(e)Carboxylic Acids120

(f)Alicyclic Compounds121

(g)Miscellaneous Aliphatic Anodic Oxidations123

(2)OXIDATION OF HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS124

(3)OXIDATION OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDS125

(a)Aldehydes and Ketones132

(b)Carboxylic Acids133

(c)Miscellaneous Aromatic Oxidations135

Ⅷ．ANODIC SUBSTITUTION142

(1)ANODIC HALOGENATION143

(a)Chlorination144

(b)Bromination151

(c)Iodination155

(d)Fluorination159

(2)ANODIC THIOCYANATION161

(3)ANODIC NITRATION162

(4)ANODIC ALKOXYLATION163

INDEX168