《DIFFUSION AND MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY》

Introduction1

Membranes and Permeation1

Engineering Applications of Membranes6

Biological9

1．Historical10

Early Dialyzers10

Membranes14

Imbibition16

Nitrocellulose16

Permselectivity17

Osmotic Pressure20

Effect of Electrolytes23

Protective Coatings23

Cathodic Protection30

Electrolytic Resistance of Coatings31

Experimental Measurement of Liquid Diffusion Rates34

Symbols37

2．Diffusion in Liquids38

Fick＇s Law38

Physical Significance of Diffusivity41

Theory of Absolute Rates42

Application and Limitations of Theory42

Theory of Absolute Rates Applied to Membranes46

Diffusion of Large Molecules52

Solutes of Medium Molecular Size55

Hydronium and Hydroxyl Ions57

Correlation of Viscosity with Diffusivity for Solutions of Electrolytes58

Symbols60

3．Experimental Methods62

Colloids62

Theory of Methods of Layering65

Fractional Sampling Diffusiometer65

Capillary Tube Method66

Optical Methods68

Diffusion Cell Design69

Glass Diaphragm Method73

Conductometric Methods74

Methods Employing Unsteady State Diffusion75

Symbols76

4．Electrolytes77

Relation of Diffusion to Conductance77

Concentration Dependence of Electrolyte Diffusivity82

Diffusivity in Concentrated Solutions85

Hittorf Method of Measurement of Transference Numbers86

Moving Boundary Method87

Hydration88

Symbols90

5．Experimental Results91

Diffusion in a Supporting Electrolyte91

Polarography93

Amino Acids,Peptides,Proteins,Saccharides95

Strong Electrolytes-Self-Diffusion103

Strong Electrolytes,Concentrated Solutions105

Diffusion of Sucrose111

Relation to Membranes114

Voltammetric Membrane Electrodes115

Measurement of Electrolyte Diffusion through Membranes by Amperometric Methods116

Bi-ionic Potentials120

Semi-Empirical Relations122

6．Interionic Effects Mixed Electrolytes124

Solutions Containing a Single Electrolyte124

Complex Systems125

Application to Membranes131

Symbols136

7．Thermodynamics of Membranes137

Review137

Non-Selective Membranes138

Ion-Selective Membranes140

Osmotic Pressure144

Donnon Membrane Equilibria148

Osmotic Water Transport149

Symbols151

8．Structure and Properties of Membranes152

Structure152

Segmental Diffusion153

Imbibition156

Osmotic Transfer of Solvent158

Streaming Potential161

Electroosmotic Flow162

Application to Membranes163

Irreversible Thermodynamics of Membranes166

Symbols169

9．Diffusion Within Membranes170

Diffusion within Synthetic Polymers170

Diffusion through Agar and Gelatin Jellies175

Permselectivity176

Diffusivity and Solubility in Membranes177

Membrane Structural Factors in Electroosmosis178

10．Cellulose Membranes180

Nature of Cellulose180

Cellophane183

Degradation186

Ion Selectivity189

Parehmentized Kraft Paper191

Denitrated Nitrocellulose191

Properties of Regenerated Cellulose192

Swelling of Commerical Films194

Interaction of Ions with Cellulosic Membranes196

Cellulose Acetate Membranes197

Modified Cellulosic Membranes198

11．Synthetic Resin Membranes200

Advantages over Cellulose200

Phenol-Formaldehyde Cation-Exchange Resins201

Anion-Exchange Membranes205

Non-Selective Semipermeable Membranes206

Separators for Storage Batteries213

12．Permeation of Membranes by Gases and Vapors215

Introduction215

Effects of Molecular Size and Shape216

Effects of Composition219

Effect of Gas Composition219

Effects of Crystallinity224

Effect of Temperature226

Effects of Pressure on P,D and S226

Transport of Laminates230

Units and Conversion Factors231

Methods of Measurement232

Selectivity of Plastic Membranes234

13．Electrodialysis237

Principles237

Multicell Stacks240

Membrane Polarization243

Water Reclamation from Brackish Sources245

Pilot Plant Field Studies257

Electrodialyzer Construction260

Miscellaneous Uses of Electrodialysis264

Practical Aspects of Electrodialysis266

Design of Commercial Electrodialyzers267

Standards of Construction and Performance269

Ionics,Inc．,Electrodialyzers273

Electrodes and End Cells276

Cooling276

Central Technical Institute(T．N．O．)Electrodialyzer276

Orange Free State Brackish Water277

Extrapolation of Costs to Large-Scale Operation278

Comparison with other Processes279

Practical Measures to Alleviate Difficulties280

Operating Costs of Commercial Units280

Osmionic Process286

14．Industrial Dialyzers287

Factors Affecting Transfer Rates296

Principles of Commercial Dialysis297

Factors Contributing to Transfer Resistance303

Laboratory Evaluation307

Dialysis of Acids312

Dialysis of Caustic Solutions314

Historical Development,Dialysis of Acid Liquors319

Dialysis as a Means of Separation of Complex Mixtures320

15．Dialysis in Electrolytic Copper Refining324

16．Miscellaneous Applications of Membranes333

Ultrafiltration333

Reverse Osmosis341

Liquid Permeation Separation342

Fuel Cells343

17．Natural Membranes345

Introduction345

The Generalized Cell346

Membranes of Bacterial Cells347

Evidence for the Existence of a Plasma Membrane in Bacterial Cells348

Composition of the Bacterial Plasma Membrane350

Passage of Materials through the Plasma Membrane of Bacteria by Diffusion351

Plasma Membranes of Plant Cells other than Bacteria353

Movement of Ions and Compounds out of Cells357

Membranes of Animal Cells358

Transport Mechanisms362

Appendix369

Index401