《Chemical Process Control An Introduction to Theory and Practice》求取 ⇩

Part ⅠThe Control of a Chemical Process：Its Characteristics and Associated Problems1

1.Incentives for Chemical Process Control2

1.1 Suppress the Influence of External Disturbances4

1.2 Ensure the Stability of a Process7

1.3 Optimize the Performance of a Chemical Process10

2.Design Aspects of a Process Control System12

2.1 Classification of the Variables in a Chemical Process12

2.2 Design Elements of a Control System14

2.3 Control Aspects of a Complete Chemical Plant25

3.Hardware for a Process Control System28

3.1 Hardware Elements of a Control System28

3.2 Use of Digital Computers in Process Control30

Concluding Remarks on Part Ⅰ33

Things to Think About for Part Ⅰ33

References for Part Ⅰ35

Problems for Part Ⅰ36

Part ⅡModeling the Dynamic and Static Behavior of Chemical Processes43

4.Development of a Mathematical Model45

4.1 Why Do We Need Mathematical Modeling for Process Control？46

4.2 State Variables and State Equations for a Chemical Process48

4.3 Additional Elements of the Mathematical Models55

4.4 Dead Time58

4.5 Additional Examples of Mathematical Modeling59

4.6 Modeling Difficulties74

Things to Think About78

5.Modeling Considerations for Control Purposes80

5.1 The Input-Output Model81

5.2 Degrees of Freedom86

5.3 Degrees of Freedom and Process Controllers89

5.4 Formulating the Scope of Modeling for Frocess Control93

Things to Think About97

References for Part Ⅱ98

Problems for Part Ⅱ100

Part ⅢAnalysis of the Dynamic Behavior of Chemical Processes111

6.Computer Simulation and the Linearization of Nonlinear Systems113

6.1 Computer Simulation of Process Dynamics114

6.2 Linearization of Systems with One Variable116

6.3 Deviation Variables119

6.4 Linearization of Systems with Many Variables121

Things to Think About126

7.Laplace Transforms128

7.1 Definition of the Laplace Transform128

7.2 Laplace Transforms of Some Basic Functions130

7.3 Laplace Transforms of Derivatives139

7.4 Laplace Transforms of Integrals139

7.5 Final-V？lue Theorem140

7.6 Initial-Value Theorem141

Things to Think About141

8.Solution of Linear Differential Equations Using Laplace Transforms143

8.1 A Characteristic Example and the Solution Procedure143

8.2 Inversion of Laplace Transforms.Heaviside Expansion145

8.3 Examples on the Solution of Linear Differential Equations Using Laplace Transforms152

Things to Think About157

9.Transfer Functions and the Input-Output Models159

9.1 Transfer Function of a Process with a Single Output159

9.2 Transfer Function Matrix of a Process with Multiple Outputs163

9.3 Poles and Zeros of a Transfer Function167

9.4 Qualitative Analysis of the Response of a System168

Things to Think About172

10.Dynamic Behavior of First-Order Systems173

10.1 What Is a First-Order System？173

10.2 Processes Modeled as First-Order Systems174

10.3 Dynamic Response of a Pure Capacitive Process178

10.4 Dynamic Response of a First-Order Lag System179

10.5 First-Order Systems with Variable Time Constant and Gain183

Things to Think About184

11.Dynamic Behavior of Second-Order Systems186

11.1 What Is a Second-Order System？186

11.2 Dynamic Response of a Second-Order System187

11.3 Multicapacity Processes as Second-Order Systems193

11.4 Inherently Second-Order Processes201

11.5 Second-Order Systems Caused by the Presence of Controllers201

Things to Think About204

Appendix 11A Examples of Physical Systems with Inherent Second-Order Dynamics205

12.Dynamic Behavior of Higher-Order Systems212

12.1 N Capacities in Series212

12.2 Dynamic Systems with Dead Time214

12.3 Dynamic Systems with Inverse Response216

Things to Think About220

References for Part Ⅲ220

Problems for Part Ⅲ223

Part ⅣAnalysis and Design of Feedback Control Systems239

13.Introduction to Feedback Control241

13.1 Concept of Feedback Control241

13.2 Types of Feedback Controllers245

13.3 Measuring Devices（Sensors）248

13.4 Transmission Lines253

13.5 Final Control Elements253

Things to Think About256

14.Dynamic Behavior of Feedback-Controlled Processes258

14.1 Block Diagram and the Closed-Loop Response258

14.2 Effect of Proportional Control on the Response of a Controlled Process265

14.3 Effect of Integral Control Action273

14.4 Effect of Derivative Control Action276

14.5 Effect of Composite Control Actions277

Things to Think About279

15.Stability Analysis of Feedback Systems281

15.1 Notion of Stability281

15.2 The Characteristic Equation285

15.3 Routh-Hurwitz Criterion for Stability287

15.4 Root-Locus Analysis290

Things to Think About295

16.Design of Feedback Controllers297

16.1 Outline of the Design Problems297

16.2 Simple Performance Criteria299

16.3 Time-Integral Performance Criteria302

16.4 Select the Type of Feedback Controller306

16.5 Controller Tuning310

Things to Think About316

17.Frequency Response Analysis of Linear Processes317

17.1 Response of a First-Order System to a Sinusoidal Input317

17.2 Frequency Response Characteristics of a General Linear System321

17.3 Bode Diagrams326

17.4 Nyquist Plots338

Things to Think About341

18.Design of Feedback Control Systems Using Frequency Response Techniques344

18.1 Bode Stability Criterion344

18.2 Gain and Phase Margins349

18.3 Ziegler-Nichols Tuning Technique352

18.4 Nyquist Stability Criterion355

Things to Think About358

References for Part Ⅳ360

Problems for Part Ⅳ363

Part ⅤAnalysis and Design of Advanced Control Systems381

19.Feedback Control of Systems with Large Dead Time or Inverse Response383

19.1 Processes with Large Dead Time383

19.2 Dead Time Compensation385

19.3 Control of Systems with Inverse Response390

Things to Think About393

20.Control Systems with Multiple Loops394

20.1 Cascade Control395

20.2 Selective Control Systems402

20.3 Split-Range Control407

Things to Think About409

21.Feedforward and Ratio Control411

21.1 Logic of Feedforward Control411

21.2 Problem of Designing Feedforward Controllers414

21.3 Practical Aspects on the Design of Feedforward Controllers420

21.4 Feedforward-Feedback Control423

21.5 Ratio Control427

Things to Think About429

22.Adaptive and Inferential Control Systems431

22.1 Adaptive Control431

22.2 Inferential Control438

Things to Think About443

References for Part Ⅴ444

Problems for Part Ⅴ447

Part ⅥDesign of Control Systems for Multivariable Processes：Introduction to Plant Control459

23.Synthesis of Alternative Control Configurations for Multiple-Input，Multiple-Output Processes461

23.1 Design Questions for MIMO Control Systems461

23.2 Degrees of Freedom and the Number of Controlled and Manipulated Variables462

23.3 Generation ofAlternative Loop Configurations467

23.4 Extensions to Systems with Interacting Units469

Things to Think About484

24.Interaction and Decoupling of Control Loops486

24.1 Interaction of Control Loops487

24.2 Relative-Gain Array and the Selection of Loops494

24.3 Design of Noninteracting Control Loops504

Things to Think About508

25.Design of Control Systems for Complete Plants510

25.1 Process Design and Process Control510

25.2 Hydrodealkylation of Toluene Plant to Produce Benzene：A Case Study516

25.3 Material Balance Control for the Hydrodealkylation Plant519

25.4 Product Quality Control for the Hydrodealkylation Plant524

25.5 Some Comments on the Control Design for Complete Plants529

Things to Think About534

References for Part Ⅵ537

Problems for Part Ⅵ540

Part ⅦProcess Control Using Digital Computers549

26.Digital Computer Control Loops551

26.1 The Digital Computer552

26.2 Computer-Process Interface for Data Acquisition and Control557

26.3 Computer Control Loops561

26.4 New Control Design Problems566

Things to Think About568

27.From Continuous to Discrete-Time Systems570

27.1 Sampling Continuous Signals571

27.2 Reconstruction of Continuous Signals from Their Discrete-Time Values576

27.3 Conversion of Continuous to Discrete-Time Models581

Things to Think About587

28.z-Transforms589

28.1 Definition of z-Transforms589

28.2 z-Transforms of Some Basic Functions591

28.3 Properties of z-Transforms595

28.4 Inversion of z-Transforms599

Things to Think About604

Appendix 28A：The Modified z-Transform606

29.Discrete-Time Response of Dynamic Systems608

29.1 Response of Discrete Dynamic Systems609

29.2 Discrete-Time Analysis of Continuous Systems.The Pulse Transfer Function613

29.3 Discrete-Time Analysis of Closed-Loop Systems621

29.4 Stability Analysis of Discrete-Time Systems626

Things to Think About631

30.Design of Digital Feedback Controllers634

30.1 Digital Approximation of Classical Controllers635

30.2 Effect of Sampling638

30.3 A Different Class of Digital Controllers640

30.4 “Ringing” and the Placement of Poles647

30.5 Design of Optimal Regulatory Control Systems650

Things to Think About654

31.Process Identification and Adaptive Control656

31.1 Process Identification657

31.2 Process Identification and Adaptive Control662

Things to Think About667

References for Part Ⅶ670

Problems for Part Ⅶ674

Index685