《Identification and Analysis of Surface-Active Agents》

Introduction1

Ⅰ.Structural Characteristics of Surface-Active Agents7

A.Historical Review7

B.Present State8

1.Surface-Active Anions9

2.Surface-Active Cations11

3.Surface-Inactive Ions11

4.Nonionogenic Hydrophilic Groups11

5.Lipophilic(Hydrophobic)Groups13

(Ⅰ)Aliphatic Residues14

(Ⅱ)Alkylaromatic and partially hydrogenated aromatic residues16

(Ⅲ)Aromatic Residues16

6.Structure and Surface Activity16

Ⅱ.Systematology of Surface-Active Agents20

Ⅲ.Determination of Electrochemical Behavior23

A.Discussion of Different Methods23

1.Electrolytic Precipitation23

2.Precipitation with Ions of Opposite Charge24

B.Analysis of Anion and Cation Tensides26

1.Precipitation with Tensides of Opposite Charge26

2.Formation of Dye Complexes28

C.Analysis of Amphoteric Tensides31

D.Analysis of Ionogenic Ethylene Oxide Adducts33

1.Anion Active EO Adducts33

2.Cation Active EO Adducts33

Ⅳ.Infrared Spectroscopy of Surface-Active Compounds35

A.Significance of an Infrared Spectrum and Systematic Infrared Analysis35

B.Technique of Sample Preparation42

C.Infrared Absorption of Surface-Active Compounds;Detailed Discussion of Analytical Groups45

Anion Active Compounds45

An Ⅰ:Carboxylates45

An Ⅱ:Sulfates(Salts of acidic sulfuric acid esters)52

An Ⅲ:Sulfonates63

An Ⅴ:Sulfinates86

An Ⅵ:Sulfaminates and Amidosulfonates87

An Ⅶ:Phosphorus-Containing Compounds87

Cation Active Compounds91

K Ⅰ:Amines and Their Salts91

K Ⅱ:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds100

K Ⅲ:Tertiary Oxonium Compounds116

K Ⅳ:Tertiary Sulfonium Compounds117

K Ⅴ:Phosphorus-Containing Compounds117

Nonionic Compounds118

N Ⅰ:Alcohols and Etherlike Compounds119

N Ⅱ:Esterlike Compounds121

N Ⅲ:Amidelike Compounds124

Ampholytic Compounds127

Am Ⅰ:Having an Equal Number of Acid and Basic Groups128

Am Ⅱ:Containing Predominantly Acid Groups135

Am Ⅲ:Containing Predominantly Basic Groups136

Am Ⅳ:Ampholytes on Basis of Natural Products139

Addition Products of Ethylene Oxide140

EO Ⅰ:Ester Adducts;Ether Adducts Containing Ester Groupings143

EO Ⅱ:Aliphatic Ether Adducts149

EO Ⅲ:Carbocyclic Ether Adducts155

EO Ⅳ:Adducts with Amides,Imides,and Cyclic lmines163

EO Ⅴ:Adducts with Amines:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds166

EO Ⅵ:Adducts with Mercaptans169

Special Classes of Compounds:Fluorine Tensides170

D.Infrared Absorptions of Surface-Inactive Ions and Impurities173

1.Cations173

2.Anions174

3.Nonionic Impurities174

E.Infrared Absorption of Degradation Products and Starting Materials175

Ⅴ.Chemical Reactions for Determining Specific Structural Characteristics176

A.Hetero Elements176

B.Small Structural Units179

C.Large Structural Units182

D.Degradation Reactions194

1.Saponification of Esters194

2.Saponification of Fatty Acid Amides197

3.Cleavage of Etherlike EO adducts198

Ⅵ.Qualitative Chemical-Spectroscopic Analysis200

A.Detection of Surface-Active Compounds200

B.Isolation of Surface-Active Agents from Industrial Products201

C.Methods of Separation of Different Surface-Active Com-pounds204

1.Separation of Anion or Cation Active Tensides from Nonionogenic Tensides by Ion Exchange204

2.Method of Separation of Tensides of all Types210

D.Qualitative Analysis212

Ⅶ.Methods of Quantitative Analysis of Tensides217

A.Anion Tensides218

1.Precipitation with p-Toluidine Hydrochloride218

2.Precipitation with Benzidine Hydrochloride221

3.Titration with Quaternary Ammonium Compounds and Dyes as Indicators224

4.Quantitative Ion Exchange Methods for Analyzing Mixtures of Anion and Nonionic Tensides231

B.Cation Tensides236

1.Titration with Anion Tensides and Thymolphthalein as Indicator236

2.Volumetric Method for Quaternary Ammonium Com-pounds(Bichromate Method)236

3.Gravimetric Method for Quaternary Ammonium Compounds(Reineckate Method)237

4.Gravimetric Semimicro Method(Phosphotungstate Method)238

5.Colorimetric Micro Method(Phosphomotybdate Method)238

6.Determination of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds in Mixture with EO Adducts239

C.Ethylene Oxide Adducts241

1.Precipitation with Heteropoly Acids of the VI.Group,Subgroup B241

2.Precipitation with Ferrocyanide,Volumetric Method of SCHOFNFELDT(B 3)242

3.Direct Volumetric Methods243

4.Direct Colorimetric Method244

5.Turbidity Method of KHO and STOLTEN245

D.Special Methods246

1.Moisture Content of Technical Products246

2.Saponification Number247

3.Rosin Acids and Fatty Acids247

4.Hydroxyl Number248

5.Nitrogen Determination249

6.Sulfur Determination250

7.Cl and Br Determination250

8.Phosphorus Determination251

Tables253

References367

Index377