《AN INTRODUCTION TO THE METHODS OF OPTICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPGY》

ONELIGHT AND RELATED PHENOMENA1

Nomenclature1

Polarized Light4

Relationships5

Refractive Index6

Isotropic and Anisotropic Media6

Questions and Problems6

TWOLIGHT IN ISOTROPIC MEDIA8

Reflection and Refraction of Rays8

Dispersion12

Light Absorption and Color Transmission15

Questions and Problems19

THREELENSES AND THE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE20

Nomenclature and Types of Lenses20

Thin-lens Formula and Graphic Solutions22

The Compound Microscope25

Questions and Problems26

FOURTHE POLARIZING MICROSCOPE28

Elements and Their Function28

Adjustments of the Microscope37

Modern Polarizing Microscopes40

FIVEOPTICAL EXAMINATION OF ISOTROPIC SUBSTANCES47

Refractive Index Measurement in Liquids47

Refractive Index Measurement in Solids48

Practical Procedures60

Mineral Identification64

SIXOPTICAL INDICATRICES AND ELLIPSES65

Review of Terminology65

General Concept of the Indieatrix66

The Isotropic Indicatrix67

The Uniaxial Indicatrix70

Summary90

SEVENTHE INTERFERENCE OF LIGHT92

Waves Polarized in the Same Plane92

Waves Polarized in Perpendicular Planes94

Transmission by the Analyzer100

Interference Colors101

Orthoscopic and Conoscopic Observation of Inter-ference Effects106

Orthoscopic Examination of Crystals108

Conoscopic Examination(Interference Figures)108

Types of Uniaxial Interference Figures116

EIGHTOPTICAL EXAMINATION OF UNIAXIAL CRYSTALS123

Preparation of the Sample123

Establishment of Uniaxiality123

Compensation124

Determination of Optic Sign127

Measurement of Refractive Indices131

Determination of Retardation and Birefringence142

Extinction Angles:Sign of Elongation145

Absorption and Pleochroism147

Abnormal Interference Colors149

Mineral Identification150

NINEBIAXIAL CRYSTALS151

Biaxial Indicatrix152

Geometric Relationships between Wave Normals,Vibration Directions,and Ray Paths160

Biaxial Interference Figures170

Dispersion and Crystallographic Orientation of X,Y,and Z184

TENOPTICAL EXAMINATION OF BIAXIAL CRYSTALS195

Determination of Biaxiality196

Determination of Optic Sign197

Measurement of Indices200

Measurement of 2V203

Measurement and Significance of Extinction Angles207

Absorption and Pleochroism212

Recording Data213

Mineral Identification213

ELEVENSOLUTION OF OPTICAL PROBLEMS BY USE OF PROJECTIONS214

Projection on a Sphere214

The Cyclographic and Stereographic Projections215

The Stereonet218

Crystal Projection224

Sample Problems226

REFERENCES CITED IN TEXT233

APPENDIX ⅠPROPERTIES OF ELLIPSES235

APPENDIX ⅡDETERMINATIVE OPTICAL TABLES AND CHARTS237

Isotropic Minerals237

Uniaxial Minerals242

Biaxial Minerals255

APPENDIX ⅢRECORDING DATA285

INDEX288