《ELECTRONIC ANALOG COMPUTERS(D-c Analog Computers)》

Chapter 1.Introduction to D-c Analog Computers1

1.1.Introduction1

1.2.How an Electronic Differential Analyzer Represents Mathematical Relations7

1.3.Basic Computing Elements:Algebraic Operations12

1.4.Electrical Integration and Differentiation18

1.5.Direct-analog Representation of Mathematical or Physical Relations.Networks and Operational Amplifiers20

1.6.Complete D-c Analog-computer Installations26

Chapter 2.Practical Setup Procedure30

2.1.Introduction30

2.2.Machine Variables and Scale Factors30

2.3.Choice of Time Scale32

2.4.Machine Equations and Block Diagrams35

2.5.D-c Analog-computer Solution of Linear Ordinary Differential Equations with Constant Coefficients40

2.6.Initial Conditions44

2.7.D-c Analog-computer Solution of Linear Ordinary Differential Equations with Variable Coefficients46

2.8.D-c Analog-computer Solution of Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations53

2.9.Summary of Setup Procedure56

2.10.Other Methods for Handling Scale Factors58

2.11.D-c Analog Computers as Equation Solvers61

Chapter 3.The Application of D-c Analog Computers to Representative Practical Problems69

3.1.Problem Preparation69

3.2.D-c Amalog-computer Study of a Vibration Absorber and of a Simple Automobile Suspension72

3.3.Representation of Dynamical Systems in General.Forces,Stops,and Constraints80

3.4.D-c Analog-computer Studies of Automatic Control Systems:Servomechanisms and Process Control92

3.5.D-c Analog-computer Setup for a Trajectory Computation:The Trajectory of a Slow Spherical Projectile with Air Resistance110

3.6.Introduction to D-c Analog-computer Methods for Solving Aircraft Flight Equations115

3.7.Analysis of Small Aircraft Motions in the Pitch Plane:D-c Analog-computer Solution of the Linearized Flight Equations120

3.8.Application of D-c Analog Computers to the Design and Testing of Automatic Pilots128

3.9.Representation of Random Processes.Use of Noise Generators140

3.10.Boundary-value Problems,Eigenvalue Problems,and Solution of Partial Differential Equations142

3.11.D-c Analog-computer Solution of Linear Programming Problems147

3.12.Miscellaneous Problems.A List of D-c Analog-computer Applications151

Chapter 4.Theory and Design of Linear Computing Elements.Coefficient-setting Potentiometers and Operational Amplifiers155

4.1.Multiplication by Constant Coefficients:Potentiometers155

4.2.Error Analysis for a Class of Operational Amplifiers162

4.3.Integrator Performance166

4.4.Some Electronic Integrators171

4.5.The Parallel-feedback Integrator:Error Analysis of a D-c Integrator175

4.6.Regenerative Operational Amplifiers184

4.7.Errors in the Solution of Linear Homogeneous Differential Equations with Constant Coefficients188

Chapter 5.D-c Amplifiers for Computer Applications190

5.1.Principles of D-c Amplifier Operation190

5.2.D-c Amplifier Design196

5.3.Special D-c Amplifier Circuits203

5.4.Stabilization of Feedback Amplifiers214

5.5.Practical Examples of Computer Amplifier Design223

5.6.Improved D-c Amplifier Design:Automatic Balancing Circuits231

5.7.Examples of Computer Amplifiers Employing Automatic Balancing Circuits239

5.8.Automatic Balancing Circuits Employing Photoelectric Choppers244

5.9.Hints for the Construction of D-c Amplifiers.Choice of Components248

5.10.Transistor D-c Amplifiers250

Chapter 6.Multipliers and Function Generators251

6.1.Introduction and Survey251

6.2.Miscellaneous Devices Permitting Multiplication of Two Machine Variables252

6.3.Examples of Multiplying Devices Using Feedback to Linearize the Gain Characteristics259

6.4.Multiplier Circuits Based on Simultaneous Pulse-amplitude Modulation and Pulse-width Modulation268

6.5.Logarithmic Multipliers,Quarter-square Multipliers,and Related Circuits280

6.6.Function Generators284

6.7.Generation of Functions by Means of Diodes and Other Switching Devices290

6.8.Computer Servomechanisms for D-c Analog Computers299

6.9.Servo-driven Potentiometers and Related Circuits313

6.10.Tapped Potentiometers as Function Generators321

6.11.Representation of Vectors in Different Coordinate Systems329

6.12.Division and Generation of Inverse Functions338

6.13.Generation of Functions of Two or More Variables340

Chapter 7.Auxiliary Circuits and Computer Operation345

7.1.Introduction of Initial Conditions.HOLD Condition345

7.2.Control Circuits349

7.3.Recording Equipment360

7.4.Computer Power Supplies369

7.5.Summary of D-c Analog-computer Operating Procedure380

7.6.Checking of Solutions381

7.7.D-c Analog Computers with Automatic Programming Features383

Chapter 8.The Design of Complete D-c Analog-computer Instal-lations387

8.1.Complete D-c Analog-computer Installations:Composite Design387

8.2.Construction,Wiring,and Installation389

8.3.Front-panel Layout and Patch-bay Design391

8.4.Examples of Complete D-c Analog Computers395

8.5.Repetitive Computers407

Tables of Special Computer Setups413

Bibliography(to 1950)429

Bibliography(since 1950)432

Examples of Differential Analyzer Computations440

Author Index441

Subject Index445