《TELECOMMUNICATIONS PRINCIPLES(IN M.K.S.UNITS)》

CHAPTER ⅠELECTRONS1

1.1.Effects of electricity1

1.2.Construction of matter1

1.3.Compounds and elements1

1.4.Molecules1

1.5.Atoms1

1.6.Electrons,protons,and neutrons2

1.7.Atonic structure2

1.8.Ions3

1.9.Electric currents3

1.10.Conductors and insulators3

1.11.Direction of current flow3

CHAPTER ⅡTHE D.C.CIRCUIT5

2.1.Current5

2.2.Electromotive force and potential7

2.3.Conductors8

2.4.Insulating materials9

2.5.Resistance10

2.6.Conductance13

2.7.Rheostats14

2.8.Resistors15

2.9.Temperature coefficient17

2.10.Ballast resistors19

2.11.Ohm’s law20

2.12.Resistors in series21

2.13.Fall of potential22

2.14.The potentiometer23

2.15.Resistors in parallel24

2.16.Resistors in series-paraller26

2.17.Cabling and wiring29

2.18.Insulation resistance of lines30

2.19.True and apparent line resistance31

2.20.Attenuation32

2.21.Kirchhoff’s laws32

2.22.Maxwell’s method37

CHAPTER ⅢPOWER AND ENERGY43

3.1.Energy43

3.2.Energy conversion43

3.3.Energy in telecommunication43

3.4.Electrical energy44

3.5.Power44

3.6.B.O.T.unit47

3.7.Efficiency47

3.8.Energy conversion equivalents47

3.9.Heat generation48

3.10.Metal filament lamps49

3.11.Fuses49

3.12.Conversions from electrical energy50

3.13.Thermo-e.m.f.51

CHAPTER ⅣCELLS52

ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY52

4.1.Electrolysis52

4.2.Ionization52

4.3.Electrolysis of water52

4.4.Quantity53

4.5.Faraday’s laws54

4.6.Current55

4.7.Electrolytic corrosion.55

VOLTAIC CELLS55

4.8.Simple voltaic cell55

4.9.E.m.f.of cell56

4.10.Local action56

4.11.Polarization57

4.12.Internal resistance57

4.13.Calculation of e.m.f.PRIMARY CELLS60

4.14.Leclanché cell61

4.15.Air depolarized cell63

4.16.Dry cells63

4.17.Maintenance of Leclanché cells64

4.18.Sizes of cells65

4.19.Inert cells65

4.20.Standard cell.65

SECONDARY CELLS66

4.21.Elements of secondary cells66

4.22.Chemistry of secondary cells66

4.23.Construction of plates67

4.24.Planté positive plates67

4.25.Rosette positive plates68

4.26.Fauré plates68

4.27.Active material69

4.28.Demi-Planté positive plates69

4.29.Forming process for Planté plates70

4.30.Forming process for pasted plates70

4.31.The electrolyte70

4.32.Construction of cells71

4.33.Voltage changes72

4.34.Capacity of cells72

4.35.Internal resistance of secondary cells74

4.36.Charging74

4.37.Discharging75

4.38.Faults75

4.39.Cadmium testing76

4.40.Efficiency of cells76

4.41.Alkaline cells.77

GROUPING CELLS78

4.42.Cells in series78

4.43.Cells in parallel79

4.44.Cells in series-parallel81

4.45.Reversed cells82

4.46.Counter-e.m.f.cells83

4.47.Grouping cells for maximum current83

4.48.Unlike cells in parallel.Kirchhoff’s laws85

4.49.Charging circuit86

4.50.Battery floating89

CHAPTER ⅤELECTROSTATICS91

5.1.Electrification by friction91

5.2.Law of attraction and repulsion91

5.3.Application of electron theory91

5.4.Conductors and insulators91

5.5.Inverse square law91

5.6.Permittivity92

5.7.Induction93

5.8.Charging by induction93

5.9.Charge density94

5.10.The electroscope94

5.11.Electric field95

5.12.Electric flux96

5.13.Potential96

5.14.Lines of potential97

5.15.Capacitance97

5.16.The capacitor98

5.17.The parallel plate capacitor98

5.18.Dielectric strength100

5.19.Dielectric absorption101

5.20.Dielectric loss101

5.21.Capacitors101

5.22.Variable capacitors103

5.23.Non-inductive capacitors104

5.24.Capacitors with inherent resistance104

5.25.Electro-lyric capacitors104

5.26.Capacitors in series107

5.27.Capacitors in parallel108

5.28.Screening110

5.29.Self-capacitance of coils110

5.30.Valve inter-electrode capacitance110

5.31.Capacitance of cables110

5.32.Effects of line capacitance111

5.33.Energy113

5.34.Time-constant114

5.35.The shunted capacitor117

5.36.Propagation velocity of cables117

CHAPTER ⅥMAGNETISM120

6.1.Magnetic properties120

6.2.Law of attraction and repulsion120

6.3.Inverse square law120

6.4.Magnetization by contact120

6.5.Magnetic induction121

6.6.Residual magnetism and coercive force121

6.7.Position of poles121

6.8.Intensity of magnetization122

6.9.Magnetic field122

6.10.Lines of force122

6.11.Terrestrial magnetism123

6.12.Magnetic flux124

6.13.Permeability125

6.14.Hysteresis126

6.15.Magnetic materials128

6.16.Non-magnetic alloys129

6.17.Magnetically soft materials129

6.18.Permanent magnets132

6.19.Magnetic theory136

6.20.Magnetic screening138

6.21.Force between magnetic poles139

6.22.Energy stored in magnetic field139

CHAPTER ⅦELECTROMAGNETISM141

7.1.Directions of current and magnetic field141

7.2.The solenoid141

7.3.Magnetizing force of electromagnetic field141

7.4.Flux density of a solenoid142

7.5.The magnetic circuit142

7.6.Reluctance143

7.7.Magnetic leakage145

7.8.Electromagnets and relays146

7.9.Flux linkage148

7.10.Electromagnetic induction149

7.11.Direction of induced e.m.f.150

7.12.Inductance150

7.13.Magnitude of induced e.m.f.151

7.14.Inductors in series152

7.15.Inductors in parallel153

7.16.Inductance of a solenoid153

7.17.Mutual inductance of two solenoids154

7.18.Influence of cur-rent on inductance154

7.19.Eddy currents155

7.20.Skin effect156

7.21.Inductors157

7.22.Time-constant158

7.23.Energy of magnetic field163

7.24.Non-inductive resistors164

7.25.Spark quench circuits164

7.26.Electromagnetic interference165

7.27.Vibratory power converters165

CHAPTER ⅧGENERATORS168

8.1.E.m.f.induced by a moving conductor168

8.2.Magnitude of induced e.m.f.168

8.3.Direction of induced e.m.f.168

8.4.E.m.f.induced in rotating coil169

8.5.The d.c.generator170

8.6.Armature circuit171

8.7.Armature con-struction173

8.8.Armature reaction174

8.9.Commutation175

8.10.Brush position175

8.11.Compoles175

8.12.E.m.f.of bi polar d.c.generator176

8.13.Multi-polar machines176

8.14.The shunt-wound d.c.generator circuit177

8.15.Voltage control178

8.16.Dynamo losses and efficiency178

8.17.Battery charging and floating179

8.18.A.c.generators181

CHAPTER ⅨTHE D.C.MOTOR185

9.1.Force acting on energized conductor185

9.2.Magnitude of force186

9.3.Direction of force186

9.4.Torque acting on energized coil187

9.5.The d.c.motor188

9.6.Motor torque and speed188

9.7.Position of brushes189

9.8.The shunt-wound d.c.motor circuit189

9.9.Speed control190

9.10.Motor losses and efficiency191

9.11.The rotary converter and dynamotor192

CHAPTER ⅩALTERNATING CURRENTS193

MAGNTTUDE AND PHASE193

10.1.Sine waveform193

10.2.Frequency194

10.3.Phase195

10.4.Maximum or peak value195

10.5.Instantaneous value195

10.6.Average value197

10.7.R.m.s.or effective value.197

SIMPLE A.C.CIRCUITs199

10.8.Circuit with pure resistance199

10.9.Circuit with pure inductance199

10.10.Circuit with pure capacitance.201

SERIES CIRCUITS202

10.11.Resistance and inductance in series202

10.12.Resistance and capacitance in series203

10.13.Inductance and capacitance in series205

10.14.Impedance205

10.15.Resistance,inductance,and capacitance in series208

10.16.Impedances in series212

10.17.Series resonant circuit.213

PARALLEL CIRCUITS216

10.18.Resistance and inductance in parallel216

10.19.Resistance and capacitance in parallel217

10.20.Inductance and capacitance in parallel220

10.21.Resistance,inductance,and capacitance in parallel221

10.22.Parallel resonant circuit222

10.23.Rejector circuit with resistance222

10.24.Admittance224

10.25.Impedances in parallel226

10.26.Power227

CHAPTER ⅪA.C.TRANSMISSION236

11.1.Principle of transformer236

11.2.Transformation ratios236

11.3.Impedance matching237

11.4.Transformer losses238

11.5.Transformer construction240

11.6.Transformers carrying direct current242

11.7.The auto-transformer243

11.8.Resonance in coupled circuits243

11.9.Impedance of coupled circuits246

11.10.Free and forced oscillations249

11.11.Complex waveform250

11.12.Distortion251

11.13.Primary coefficients253

11.14.Characteristic resistance253

11.15.Characteristic impedance255

11.16.Attenuation257

11.17.Propagation coefficient258

11.18.Attenuation coefficient259

11.19.Phase-change coefficient261

11.20.Propagation velocity262

11.21.Distortionless line264

11.22.The neper266

11.23.The decibel266

11.24.Electromagnetic radiation269

11.25.Selectivity272

11.26.Impedance networks273

11.27.Frequency filters282

11.28.Derived filters288

CHAPTER ⅫMETERS AND MEASUREMENTS293

12.1.Design principles293

12.2.Moving-coil instruments295

12.3.Ammeters297

12.4.Voltmeters299

12.5.Moving-iron instruments300

12.6.Dynamometer instruments303

12.7.Galvanometers304

12.8.The electrostatic voltmeter305

12.9.Hot-wire instruments307

12.10.Thermo-couple instruments308

12.11.Rectifier instruments308

12.12.Differ-ential meters310

12.13.Ballistic instruments311

12.14.The detector No.4.311

12.15.The Avometer313

12.16.The decibelmeter317

12.17.The millisecondmeter318

12.18.The Wheatstone bridge318

12.19.Ohmmeters322

12.20.The bridge type ohmmeter325

12.21.The potentiometer325

12.22.Resistance measurements330

12.23.Inductance measurements334

12.24.Capacitance measurements335

12.25.The a.c.bridge336

CHAPTER ⅩⅢELECTRONICS341

13.1.Electron emission341

13.2.Diode342

13.3.Diode rectification344

13.4.The triode346

13.5.Valve para-meters348

13.6.The valve amplifier353

13.7.The valve oscillator365

13.8.The tetrode366

13.9.The pentode368

13.10.Modulation370

13.11.Demodulation376

13.12.The valve voltmeter379

13.13.Metal rectifiers380

13.14.Photo-electricity385

13.15.Ionization388

13.16.The cathode-ray tube392

CHAPTER ⅩⅣSOUND395

14.1.Sound waves395

14.2.Characteristics of sound396

14.3.Voice and ear400

14.4.Microphones403

14.5.Receivers and loud speakers408

14.6.Piezo-electricity412

APPENDIX AMATHEMATICAL NOTES418

A.1.Symbols418

A.2.Calculus notation418

A.3.Trigonometry418

A.4.Vectors419

A.5.Proofs425

APPENDIX BELECTRICAL UNITS428

APPENDIX CLETTER SYMBOLS FOR QUANTITIES431

APPENDIX DCHEMICAL SYMBOLS FOR THE ELEMENTS SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRONS IN THE ATOMS432

APPENDIX EGREEK ALPHABET434

APPENDIX FUSEFUL NUMBERS AND CONVERSION FACTORS435

APPENDIX GGRAPHICAL SYMBOLS FOR TELECOMMUNICATION436

APPENDIX HEXAMINATION SYLLABUS FOR THE CITY AND GUILDS OF LONDON INSTITUTE-TELECOMMUNICATIONS PRINCIPLES437

Index439