《INTERNATIONAL LAW AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES》求取 ⇩

Introduction 1

1.Re-Emergence of an Old Challenge for the International Community5

Ⅰ.Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases5

Ⅱ.Globalization of Public Health6

Ⅲ.Microbialpolitik18

Ⅳ.Conclusion19

2.Brief History of International Law on the Control of Infectious Diseases21

Ⅰ.Introduction21

Ⅱ.Overview of International Law on Infectious Disease Control, 1851-195121

Ⅲ.Objectives of International Law on Infectious Diseases, 1851-195126

A.Infectious Disease Control Prior to 185126

B.To Protect Europe from ‘Asiatic’ Diseases28

C.To Harmonize Quarantine35

D.To Create an International Surveillance System42

E.To Create a Permanent International Health Organization47

Ⅳ.Microbialpolitik—1851-195152

3.International Health Regulations58

Ⅰ.Introduction58

Ⅱ.Development58

Ⅲ.Legal Basis59

Ⅳ.Objectives61

A.Maximum Security61

1.Surveillance62

2.Health Organizations62

3.Handling Specific Diseases63

B.Minimum Interference63

Ⅴ.Effectiveness65

A.Surveillance Breakdown65

B.Ineffectiveness of Protection Measures66

C.Excessive Measures67

D.Enforcement68

E.Epidemiology as the Answer70

Ⅵ.WHO’s Revision of the IHR71

A.Changes Affecting the Maximum Security Objective72

1.Syndrome Reporting72

2.Greater Information Flows73

B.Changes Affecting the Minimum Interference Objective75

C.Summary on IHR Provisional Draft78

Ⅶ.IHR and Microbialpolitik79

4.Sources of International Law and the Control of Infectious Diseases81

Ⅰ.Introduction81

Ⅱ.Conventions81

A.Entering Agreements84

B.Reservations85

C.Interpretation87

1.Interpretation of the Existing IHR87

2.Interpretation under the IHR Provisional Draft91

D.Amendments92

E.Monitoring and Enforcement94

Ⅲ.Customary International Law98

A.Treaty Rules into Custom?99

B.Relevance of Other Customary International Legal Principles104

C.Summary on Customary International Law108

Ⅳ.General Principles of Law 109

Ⅴ.Judicial Decisions and the Writings of Publicists110

Ⅵ.Sources of International Law Outside Article 38（1）111

5.International Trade Law and Infectious Diseases114

Ⅰ.Introduction114

Ⅱ.Trade, Quarantine, and Infectious Disease Control115

A.Trade and the International Sanitary Conferences115

B.International Sanitary Conventions and Trade116

C.International Trade and Plant and Animal Diseases117

1.Plant Diseases117

2.Animal Diseases118

D.International Health Regulations and Trade120

Ⅲ.Development of International Trade Law on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures121

A.General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade121

1.Recognition of the Sovereign Right to Restrict Trade to Protect Public Health122

2.GATT Disciplines on the Sovereign Right123

（a） Chapeau123

（b） Necessary Requirement125

B.Difficulties with Article XX（b）126

C.Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures133

1.Requirement that SPS Measures be Based on Science135

（a） Preliminary Questions136

（b） SPS Agreement’s Science-Based Disciplines138

2.SPS Agreement’s Trade-Related Disciplines146

（a） Article 2147

（b） Article 5148

3.Summary on SPS Agreement152

D.Regional Trade Agreements and SPS Measures152

1.EC Law153

2.NAFTA159

E.Other International Trade Law Issues and Infectious Disease Control163

Ⅳ.International Trade Law and Microbialpolitik164

6.International Human Rights Law and Infectious Diseases169

Ⅰ.Introduction169

Ⅱ.Limiting Human Rights to Protect Public Health170

A.Historical Treatment of Individuals170

B.After the Human Rights Revolution172

Ⅲ.The Human Right to Health and Infectious Disease Control179

A.Right to Health in International Law180

B.Content of the Right to Health181

1.An Indeterminate Norm?181

2.Consensus on Certain Principles183

3.Maximum and Minimum Content185

4.Minimum Content Analysis Through Treaty Law187

C.Summary on the Right to Health197

Ⅳ.HIV/AIDS: Development of a Human Rights Discourse during an Infectious Disease Pandemic197

A.HIV/AIDS as the Catalyst for the Union of Public Health and Human Rights197

B.Human Rights Implications of the HIV/AIDS Pandemic200

1.HIV/AIDS and Civil and Political Rights200

（a） Dealing with Those Infected with HIV/AIDS201

（b） Surveillance in the Community 206

2.HIV/AIDS and Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights209

C.Implementation and Enforcement213

Ⅴ.Conclusion: Human Rights, Infectious Diseases, and Microbialpolitik217

7.War, Weapons, and Infectious Diseases221

Ⅰ.Introduction221

Ⅱ.War as Disruption of the Human-Microbe Environment222

Ⅲ.International Legal Rules on How Force is Used: Regulating Weapons and Targets223

A.Weapons224

1.Biological Weapons224

2.Conventional Weapons231

B.Targets233

Ⅳ.Coping with the Adverse Public Health Consequences of War235

A.Combatants235

1.Wounded and Sick Combatants235

2.Prisoners of War236

B.Non-combatants237

Ⅴ.War Crimes and Public Health238

Ⅵ.Conclusion: Microbialpolitik and International Law on Armed Conflict242

8.International Environmental Law and Infectious Diseases245

Ⅰ.Introduction245

Ⅱ.Environmental Degradation and Infectious Diseases246

A.Air Pollution246

B.Water Pollution247

C.Marine Pollution248

D.Deforestation248

E.Depletion of the Ozone Layer250

F.Climate Change250

Ⅲ.International Environmental Law and Infectious Diseases252

A.Air Pollution253

B.Water Pollution259

C.Marine Pollution261

D.Deforestation264

1.Convention on Biodiversity265

2.Statement of Forest Principles268

3.Deforestation and the Health of Indigenous Peoples270

E.Depletion of the Ozone Layer270

F.Climate Change272

Ⅳ.International Environmental Law and Microbialpolitik274

9.Microbialpolitik, International Law, and Global Health Jurisprudence279

Ⅰ.Introduction279

Ⅱ.Microbialpolitik and International Law279

A.Evolution of Microbialpolitik and International Law on Infectious Diseases279

B.An International Regime on Infectious Disease Control?283

1.Lessons from WHO’s Predecessor283

2.Lessons from Other International Organizations283

3.Critical Analysis of These Comparisons287

4.Microbialpolitik in the Era of Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases290

5.Microbialpolitik and International Law292

Ⅲ.Microbialpolitik and International Relations Theory293

A.Is Traditional International Relations TheoryRelevant?294

B.Realism, Liberalism, and Microbialpolitik296

C.Other Theoretical Approaches and Microbialpolitik299

1.Critical Theory299

2.Social Constructivism301

D.Conclusion on Microbialpolitik and International Relations Theory302

Ⅳ.The Future of International Law in Microbialpolitik: Global Health Jurisprudence303

A.Concept of Global Health Jurisprudence303

B.Framework Convention on Infectious Diseases305

C.Global Health Jurisprudence and New Areas of Infectious Disease Concern307

D.Global Health Jurisprudence and Microbialpolitik309

10.Conclusion: A ‘Never Ending Defeat’?310

Appendix Proposal for a World Health Organization Framework Convention on Global Infectious Disease Prevention and Control317

Bibliography337

Index357